Fire safety of the residential buildings in Hong Kong - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2374 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Building Essay Type Analytical essay Tags: Hong Kong Essay Did you like this example? How fit for the purpose of the current regulations on the fire safety of the residential Low-rise buildings in Hong Kong Background Fire safety is an important topic in building because it is directly related to humanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s lives. From past to now, the fire safety management and technologies keep improving. For example, every building now will have an escape route plan and some high-rise buildings have a design of refuge floor to manage the fire accident. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Fire safety of the residential buildings in Hong Kong" essay for you Create order There are also lots of fire resistant materials invented to use in the building like concrete, Fire-retardanttreatedwood and Calcium silicateboards etc. The purpose of all these improvement is to ensure a better fire safety in the buildings. In Hong Kong, there is a systematic framework to ensure the fire safety in buildings. We have a list of regulations and codes of practices concerning fire safety: -The fire Safety (Buildings) Ordinance -Code of practices for the provision of means of escape in case of fire -Code of practices for means of access for firefighting and rescue -Code of practices for fire resistance construction -Code of Practice for Minimum Fire Service Installations and Equipment -Code of Practice for Inspection, Testing and Maintenance of Installations and Equipment Moreover we have fire services department and the building department to enforce the law. However, fire safety is still not good enough in Hong Kong. Fire accidents are not unu sual and lots of fire accidents happened in the old-residential buildings in HK. Take the most recent- 2011 Fa Yuen Street fire accident as an example. The fire broke out at Pai dong area inFa Yuen Street and quickly spread to the near Tong Lau buildings. It killed 9 people, injured 34 and about 118 people became homeless after the fire. It shows that Fire accident in the old Tong Lau can be a disaster. This accident has raised public concern on the fire safety problems on the old low-rise building. In fact, most Tong Lau / old low-rise residential buildings aged more than 40 years. They comply with the past fire safety regulations at which the time the building being built. However, with several changes to the regulations, these old buildings failed to comply with the current fire safety standard. According to the fire Safety (Buildings) Ordinance 2007, all the composite and domestic buildings constructed on or before 1987 have to improve the fire safety to meet the requirements of today, the modern standards. For example, the automatic sprinkler systems are not required in the past but it becomes a must today. In the past three years, Hong Kong government seriously looked into problems of the fire safety performance in the old low-rise residential buildings. At the end of February 2013, around 6 000 out of the 9 000 old composite buildings in Hong Kong were inspected by the building department and the fire services department. Over 100 thousands Fire Safety Directions were issued to the occupiers requesting them to enhance the building fire safety to meet the updated standards. However, among all FS Directions issued, less than a quarter have been complied with. It was found that most of the old buildings have difficulties to comply with the modern fire safety regulations. Some owners and professionals criticize the modern fire safety regulation is too inflexible and not designed to target the old-residential buildings so a large scale of alteration wo rk needed to be done in order to fulfil the strict regulations. Even worst, some regulations are not practical in the real world for instance, installing a water tank in the roof of the buildings is not feasible as some of these old buildings do not have pile foundation so they cannot withstand such an additional loading. No doubt, the alteration work would give a strong financial pressure to the owners. The situation even more severe in the apartment with only one or two unit per floor, small number of flat owner have to share a large sum of construction fee. The question most current residents want to ask is whether they follow straightly the current fire safety regulations to do the alteration and addition works are really the best and efficient way to help their buildings to fight fire. The dissertation is going to answer the above question. It will be focused on the domestic buildings of seven or less storeys, or the domestic buildings aged 40 years or more. An analysis stud y about the fire safety of Low-rise building will be carried out to examine the fire-safety in several aspects including the performance of prevention of fire, the fire control and the protection in the building. In this section, some past fire accidents will be studied. Through this examination, pressure points of fire dangers of the old- residential building will be identified. Then an evaluation on the current regulations will be carried out to see how fit for the purpose of the current regulations on the fire safety of the residential Low-rise buildings based on the examination of the pressure points. The low-rise buildings that have already undergone alteration and addition works and fulfilled the fire safety requirement and the buildings that still not yet fulfilled the fire safety requirement will also be cases studied. Finally I want to give some advices or alternatives for the fire safety construction works in these buildings, telling what must be done urgently and what are alternative ways to fulfill some requirement etc. Aim To analysis how fit for the purpose of the current regulations on the fire safety of the residential Low-rise buildings in Hong Kong Objectives Review on the history/background of the design of the old residential buildings for the fire safety Identify and compare the past and current fire safety regulations concerning the fire safety i.e. any addition, change and deletion Analysis the fire safety performance of the old residential buildings Examine the degree of fitness of these regulations to the the old residential buildings in fire safety Advice on the fire safety construction work Methodology For the objective one and two, a Literature review will be done to find out the historic/background information of these old-buildings. For example, for what purpose they are being built, what is the design concept in that era, how is the fire safety being ensured in the past etc.? A large amount of information will be needed to understand the design of the old building, the scientific rational in the material used and the standards for fire safety in the past. Then, time factor is also taken into account. Through literature review, I would find out what is the impact of depreciation to the fire safety including the performance of concrete, the wood doors, the fire-resisting oil overtime and the relationship between structural frame and the fire etc. Moreover, some literature materials produced by the Hong Kong institute of Surveyors concerning on the fire-safety regulations will be helpful for me to identify the past and current fire safety regulations. To furthe r compare the current and past regulations concerning the fire safety i.e. any addition, change and deletion, I need to study all the regulations concerning fire safety. I also need an interview with the professional surveyors and architects to get their opinion to support my comparison. For objective three, I have to analysis and examine the fire safety performance of these buildings. I designed to construct a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“fire safety level indexà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  which can be used to grade the safety performance of the old low-rise residential buildings. Fire safety can be viewed as ability of prevention of fire and performance in case there is a fire. The framework of index will be built based on real data and assumption: First, real case analysis on the past fire accidents to analysis their floor plans, the reasons of starting of fire, the spread of fire and the performance of escape and then identify the corresponding common weaknesses of these old buildings like the rout e of escape, the number of staircases, doors and the performance of insulating wall etc. Second, I will assume if there is a fire in some sample buildings, and do different models to represent different ways of starting of fire. Then, assess the performance of fire safety similarly to the above case study and identify the weakness, strength and the pressure points. In addition, I will interview the fireman, building services engineers and building surveyors to further assess the importance and role of every fire safety element. After all, all attributes in building related to fire safety will be categorized and given a weighting, say fire sprinkling system is very important and has multiplier 5 and the fireman lift is minor so it has a multiplier 1 only. For objective four, the degree of fitness of fire-safety regulations to the the old residential buildings in fire safety will be examined. In this part, the relationship between the fire safety regulations with the fire safety performance discussed above, concerns of construction work with time, money and feasibility. For example, if the fire sprinkler is proved in the fire safety index to be very crucial in the old-residential buildings. On the other hand, the fire safety regulations have stated the old-building has to install the sprinkler system. We can say this current ordinance fits the purpose of fire safety in old-residential building in theory. Then, it comes to consider the construction work with time, money and feasibility factors in reality. If that sprinkler is not practical at most cases due to the water tank loading problems or the incredibly high money/time cost, this current ordinance can be deems as not fitting the purpose of fire safety in old-residential building. The methods I used to draw this kind of conclusion are case analysis and interview the professional. There are over 3000 cases of alteration work done by old-residential building to comply with current fire-safety re gulations. I could make use of their cases, to collect their alteration work financial report, construction work checklist and interview the ownersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ corporations. There are also some project going to begin and I will do the site visit and access their fire safety performance by using my à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“fire safety level indexà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and compare the before and after. Interview will also be carried out in the buildings that refuse to comply with the Fire Safety Directions issued to find out their difficulties in complying with the current fire safety regulation. For objective five, based on the findings of importance of different elements in fire safety, the result of fitness of regulations and the case example studied, I think I can give advices on the fire safety construction work. The advices will be supported by interviewing the professionals. Brief Literature Review What is fire safety? Stollard and Abrahamsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (1999) gave an idea on it. The above diagram represents the fire tactics. There are five elements in fire safety in a building. First, prevention is always the fundamental element. A building should be design for a purpose and restrict the people for doing something so as to minimize the chance of fire accidents. However, if the prevention failed, it comes to the communication which is the fire alarm and smoke detector so as to allow all the users to notice the fire. Then, the fire could be extinguished successfully or otherwise become a disaster. People will escape when notice the fire and the staircases, the doors and the corridors all become a main factor to allow people escape efficiently or not. Containment is also an important part in fire safety, it concerns with how the fire being control. If the buildings have lots of fire-resisting wall and sprinkler system, the fire would not spread at fast rate. We can see all part in the building corporate to ensure fire safety. The code of pract ice of fire safety in HK 2011 stated the objective of fire safety. Fire safety provisions should be provided for both life safety and property protection. It includes protecting the life of occupants, minimizing the spread of fire, preventing the building collapse and helping firefighting and rescue action. Research programme 2014/6 -Literature review to find out the historic/background information of old-buildings -Literature review on impact of depreciation to the fire safety -Literature on materials produced by the Hong Kong institute of Surveyors concerning on the fire-safety regulations 2014/7 -Study of all fire safety regulations -Literature on materials produced by the Hong Kong institute of Surveyors concerning on the fire-safety regulations 2014/8 -Interview with the professional surveyors and architects on the fire-safety regulations (From my summer intern à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" BS firm) -Research on the old-residential buildings in Hong Kong (Which have complied with the current regulation, which havenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t?) 2014/9 -Construct the Fire Safety Level Index -Fire accidents case study -Interview the fireman, building services engineers and building surveyors to further assess the importance and role of every fire safety element. -Choose some buildings which can be representative of the old low rise residential buildings 2014/10 -Construct the Fire Safety Level Index -Fire accidents modeling building and analysis -Interview the representative buildings that planning to do alteration 2014/11 -Interview the representative buildings that undergone alteration -Interview the representative buildings that do not undergo alteration -Follow up the representative buildings that planning to do alteration 2014/12 -Interview the representative buildings that do not undergo alteration -Follow up the representative buildings that planning to do alteration -Financial rep ort, construction work report analysis 2015/1 -Interview the representative buildings that do not undergo alteration -Follow up the representative buildings that planning to do alteration -Financial report, construction work report analysis -Interviewing the professionals to get the construction advices 2015/2 -Follow up the representative buildings that planning to do alteration -Financial report, construction work report analysis -Interviewing the professionals to get the construction advices 2015/3 -Amendment and correction 2015/4 -Amendment and correction Reference Abrahams, J. and Stollard, P. (1999) Fire from First Principles: A Design Guide to Building Fire Safety, 3rd edition. London: EFN Spon. Buildings Department (2011) Code of Practice for Fire Safety in Buildings: HKSAR. LCQ5: Fire safety of old buildingson 2013/03/20 https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201303/20/P201303200373.htm Article on 2013/09/11 fire safety directions https://hk.centanet.com/home/ColumnArticle.aspx?id=50325 Hong Kong Institute of Surveyors Pre-qualification Structural Learning https://www.hkis.org.hk/hkis/general/events/cpd-2012065B.pdf News om 2014/01/23- ÃÆ' ¦Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  ÃƒÆ' ©Ãƒâ€¹Ã…“ ²ÃƒÆ' ¥Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ±Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÆ' §Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²ÃƒÆ' ¥Ãƒâ€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ' ¥Ãƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢- ÃÆ' ¨Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚  ÃƒÆ' ¦Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¨Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ÃÆ' ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¹ÃƒÆ' ¥-à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾ÃƒÆ' ©Ãƒâ€¹Ã…“ ²ÃƒÆ' §Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ «ÃƒÆ' ¥Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ -ÃÆ' ©Ãƒâ€¹Ã…“ » https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20140123/00196_001.html News om 2014/01/27- ÃÆ' ¦Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  ÃƒÆ' ©Ãƒâ€¹Ã…“ ²ÃƒÆ' ¥Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ÃƒÆ' ©Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ºÃƒâ€šÃ‚ £ÃƒÆ' ¨Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚  ÃƒÆ' ¦Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¨Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ÃÆ' ¦Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¥Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ­ÃƒÆ' ¤Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¸Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ » https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20140127/00196_001.ht ml.

The Epicureans By Their Writings Have Seized The Whole Of...

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Controversial issues free essay sample

The media has an enormous Influence over the public agenda by selecting what Issues to focus on (the controversial Issues). The media defines the most controversial topics and thereby determining the political priorities of the public. i. e. the media tells the people what to focus on. The media is also a watchdog by forcing the government to reluctantly answer the people. Role of media in protection of human rights? Answer: Around the world, the media is the most effective avenue for spreading human rights wareness and acceptance. While spreading messages through schools and community forums can be effective at reaching dozens or even hundreds of people at the time, they cant match the reach and scope of the media. For Instance, one radio station in the Congo can reach hundreds of thousands of people simultaneously with information about womens rights. A website featuring photographs of rights abuses In North American Aboriginal communities may get millions of hits a day. We will write a custom essay sample on Controversial issues or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Increased awareness about human rights Is the first, and most necessary, step to ending human rights abuses. The more people know and care about human rights standards: The more people are empowered to defend their own rights (think FGM victims in the DRC) The more people are inspired to come tothe defense of others (think of Interventions In spousal abuse situations In North America) The more governments and civil society leaders are forced to improving their practices (think of he improved government rights record in Ghana or the US under Obama) The more human rights norms are injected into the fabric of society, the less likely rights abuses will be committed or tolerated when they do occur. Other methods of Improving human rights-namely creating legal frameworks (united Nations) or sparking international public pressure (Amnesty International)-can be effective, but only when the general public in the countries in question understand, accept and embrace their human rights first.

The Yellow Wall Paper Essay Research Paper free essay sample

The Yellow Wall Paper Essay, Research Paper # 8220 ; The Yellow Wallpaper # 8221 ; , written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, is a narrative of a adult female, her psychological troubles and her hubby # 8217 ; s so called curative intervention of her nutriments during the late 1800s. The narrative begins with a immature adult female and her hubby going to the state for the summer and for the mending powers of being off from composing which merely seems to decline her status. Upon reading this intense description of an about prison like prescription for get the better ofing # 8220 ; impermanent nervous depression # 8221 ; the reader is permeated with the thought the work forces are nil more than the wardens in the lives of adult females. Gilman does good throughout the narrative to demo with descriptive phrases merely how easy and efficaciously, the adult male # 8217 ; apparently # 8217 ; wields his # 8216 ; maleness # 8217 ; to command the adult female. But, with farther reading and penetration I believe Gilman succeeds i n nil more than demoing the failing of adult females, of the twenty-four hours, as active individuals in their ain every bit good as society # 8217 ; s determination doing procedures alternatively of the strength of work forces as adult females ruling machines. We will write a custom essay sample on The Yellow Wall Paper Essay Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page From the beginning of the narrative frontward the storyteller speaks of how her hubby and other influential work forces in her life direct her so that she will retrieve rapidly and I believe this to be the initial mark that the feminist position will be presented throughout. The storyteller shows how although she has a formed sentiment ( and likely successful thought for her intervention ) , she is still swayed by her hubby # 8217 ; s way with the undermentioned transition, # 8220 ; I sometimes fancy that in my status if I had less resistance and more society and stimulation # 8211 ; but John says the really worst thing I can make is to believe about my status, and I confess it ever makes me experience bad. # 8221 ; Her hubby seems to be the one who can alter her ideas because of his # 8216 ; maleness # 8217 ; or the fact that he is her hubby. Nonetheless, a member of the opposing sex is still stamp downing her. With a farther expression into this transition though, I believe that this once more is nil more than a mark of the inabilities of the storyteller. I don # 8217 ; t believe her sex to be the cause of her suppression it is her deficiency of apprehension of non merely herself, but of how to successfully do others cognizant of what is best for herself. The storyteller besides speaks many times in a mode, which suggests that because a adult male speaks she have no agencies by which to differ with him because she is a adult female, yet, another womens rightist tact. A perfect illustration of this is presented in the beginning transitions of the narrative, where the storyteller states # 8220 ; Personally, I disagree with their ( her hubby # 8217 ; s and brother # 8217 ; s ) thoughts. Personally, I believe that congenial work, with exhilaration and alteration, would make me good. But what is one to make? # 8221 ; This last sentence # 8220 ; but what is one to make? # 8221 ; Exemplifies wondrous her laden female stature in the society of her life. The proceeding transition is yet another show of the adult female # 8217 ; s awkwardness with self-esteem. If the adult female would merely take a minute to measure the fact that she is rather perchance right about her ain recovery even though she is a adult female the struggle would instantly taken from the male chauvinist kingdom to a kingdom of inner-conflict, which is were I believe many of the subjects covered in this narrative belong. The concluding transitions of the narrative, at last, successfully manifest a show of power and possible regain of self-governance through the storyteller # 8217 ; s eventually standing up to her hubby by locking him out of the room in which he has imprisoned her purportedly for her benefit. Whereupon, for the first clip in the narrative he must listen to her prayers to detect where the key is hidden. The proceeding appraisal of the concluding minutes of the narrative could quite perchance be a successful manner in which the writer intended to state much, after the fact, of how she understood the demand for a adult female to stand up for her rights even in the face of a man’s believed high quality. This is an sharp disclosure sing that at that clip work forces were still the magistrates and governors of women’s lives and for the writer to do such an observation was in itself irregular for the twenty-four hours. This transition serves a double intent. The ability to lock the door restores the narrator’s power over her environment at the really least, and perchance her inner spheres as good. The hubby holding to pay attending to the married woman so that he may one time once more be with her besides displays that she may eventually be acquiring through to her hubby, that the mode in which he can assist her most is to listen to her and seek to understand her. # 8220 ; The Yellow Wallpaper # 8221 ; presents a really interesting position of how a adult male can act upon a adult female # 8217 ; s life from a really feminist point of position, but with a present twenty-four hours reading can be given a whole new deepness because the many struggles flow from being adult female vs. adult male to a much more complex battle of adult female vs. herself so that she may successfully win the conflict of individual vs. society. Gilman successfully portrays a dominated adult female in this narrative, but I believe that the full storyteller is, a dominated adult female non a adult female dominated by a adult male. Gilman does portray the adult male as insensitive and missing in emotional support, but neither of these qualities implies or affects dominant features. I believe that in the terminal the adult female discovers that she is non being dominated every bit much as leting herself loss of control. The discovering of where control falls in this na rrative is really interesting when compared with literature in general. Much as the storyteller comes to the realisation that control over her life is finally her duty, a reader, who frequently times is # 8216 ; controlled # 8217 ; by a narrative, must come to the realisation that a work of literature merely becomes a personal experience when he/she eventually determines his/her reading or # 8216 ; control # 8217 ; over the narrative. It is this realisation of control or the reader # 8217 ; s reading that is the concluding block that gives the edifice that is known as a narrative, deepness and significance to every reader. Reflecting their function in society, adult females in literature are frequently portrayed in a place that is dominated by work forces. Particularly in the 19th century, adult females were repressed and controlled by their hubbies every bit good as other male influences. In # 8220 ; The Yellow Wall-Paper, # 8221 ; by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, the supporter is oppressed and represents the consequence of the subjugation of adult females in society. This consequence is created by the usage of complex symbols such as the house, the window, and the wall-paper which facilitate her subjugation every bit good as her ego look. It is customary to happen the symbol of the house as stand foring a unafraid topographic point for a adult female # 8217 ; s transmutation and her release of self look. However, in this narrative, the house is non her ain and she does non desire to be in it. She declares it is # 8220 ; haunted, # 8221 ; and that # 8220 ; there is something fagot about it. # 8221 ; Although she acknowledges the beauty of the house and particularly what surrounds it, she invariably goes back to her feeling that # 8220 ; there is something unusual about the house. # 8221 ; Her feeling is like a foreboding for the transmutation that takes topographic point in herself while she is at that place. In this manner the house still is the cocoon for her transmutation. It does non take the signifier of the traditional symbol of security for the domestic activities of a adult female, but it does let for and incorporate her metabolism. The house besides facilitates her release, suiting her, her authorship a nd her ideas. These two activities evolve because of the fact that she is kept in the house.

ENGL 100 20 Star Essays - Existence Of God, Philosophy Of Religion

ENGL 100 20 Star Essays - Existence Of God, Philosophy Of Religion The idea of science and religion are merging to lend a hand to mankind, who is seeking for universal knowledge was explore in "The Star" by Arthur C. Clarke. Religion has always been there to provide humanity a reason for its existence in this world, and science has developed into a way to test religious beliefs. The question if mankind can handle the truth when they attain the knowledge and it doesn't match their expectation is talked about in the story. On the search for proving God's existence, the narrator faces a predicament. He begins to question himself about his faith at the point where science and religion merge. Clarke demonstrates the narrator's trouble because of the significance of the nebula's scientific and religious. The narrator's uncertainty comes from his inability to acknowledge that humanity is not the center of religion or the universe. The name of the narrator and Phoenix Nebula have a huge significance impact on the story. The narrator is a Jesuit-astrophysicist who name is unknown. Even though we do not know his name, this suggests that the author wants to identify him as a whole with humanity rather than a specific person. The Phoenix Nebula, later known to be the Bethlehem star, became the symbol for the birth of Jesus and religion. The idea that Christianity rises from the death of the star and eventually another civilization is similar to the animal Phoenix. The narrator is forced to see the possible outcome that awaits him when he remembers the similarities in the other civilization, resembling human civilization. His search to prove God existence allows him to notice a wide range of possibilities. He believes in them but was unaware of how his fate will be determined by the hand of God just like how he was unaware of how the quest for knowledge could have an impact on him. The narrator couldn't rid of the image, because it reflected his own personal emotions toward the beginning and his inevitable downfall. A civilization, similar to human civilization was sacrificed in order for Christianity to be born shows how humanity will end up with the same fate because the glory of God surpasses the glory of humanity or any existence. The narrator finds himself admitting that his findings did not reject God's existence. In the end, the narrator does not question faith but rather on what it means for mankind in the universe. However, he still does not accept the fact that humanity is rest in the hands of God. Ultimately, the "The Star" by Arthur C. Clarke does not question the presence of God but the question of man's arrogance. It is neither justifying or falsifying that God made the narrator to question himself about faith, but him realizing that he is not at the center of everything including religion anymore. Mankind is left with the decision on choosing what to do with the newly inquire knowledge for humanity and its future.

Caravaggio, Vincent van Gogh, Picasso, Matisse, Georges de la Tour Essay

Caravaggio, Vincent van Gogh, Picasso, Matisse, Georges de la Tour - Essay Example The essay "Caravaggio, Vincent van Gogh, Picasso, Matisse, Georges de la Tour" examines the history of art and focuses on such important artists as Georges de la Tour, Caravaggio, Vincent van Gogh, Picasso and Matisse. The paintings of La Tour's maturity are marked by a startling geometric simplification of the human form and by the depiction of interior scenes lit only by the glare of candles or torches. His religious paintings done in this manner have a monumental simplicity and a stillness that expresses both contemplative quiet and wonder. The chronology and authenticity of some works attributed to him are still debated. Georges de la Tour used two kinds of lighting in his pictures. One was natural lighting, where people were illuminated from above with cool white light--like the painting reproduced with this article. The other kind of lighting he used was for nighttime pictures. They were called "nocturnes." The light for these pictures came from a single source, such as a fire or a candle. Georges de la Tour is considered to be a follower of Caravaggio due to his dependency on specific elements of the Caravaggesque style. Most notably the use of chiaroscuro and tenebristic techniques. In his interpretation of those certain stylistic qualties, however, Georges was unique in his design and composition, and presented an entirely new way of looking at common realistic works of art. Georges de la Tour is classed as a realist. Realist he is in that his subjects, predominantly if not exclusively religious. , are represented in terms of "real" life, often the life of his own country-town and surroundings in Lorraine. But he avoided naturalism; rather, he chose to simplify, modelling his forms by marked contrasts of light and shade, and using large volumes and severe lines, with great selective economy of detail" (Furness 70, 1996). 2 George de la Tour's attention to mood is a predominant quality that pervades his works. The paintings, especially the night scenes, have an almost meditative or pensive quality about them. Though the subject matter may, at times, be rather ambiguous, the spirituality communicated through the mood diminishes the importance of deciphering what scene we're looking at. Rather, the focus is on the way the painting makes us, as the viewer, feel through simple observation. A visual element that helps the viewer to focus on the scene before them is achieved through the absence of a background in the scenes. George De La Tour's sparsely populated pictures almost always represent scenes that take place nowhere, if they are judged by the almost complete absence of scenery. The boundaries of the settings are, nevertheless, delineated. There appear to be walls, but they have no texture and the colour is not descriptive. Georges de la Tour's works can be distinguished most especially through the unique use of lighting in his nocturnal scenes. The paintings are lit with a candle, a nightlight, or a torch, which are sometimes visible or are, at other times, hidden behind a figure's hand or another object. As for his less numerous and less popular daylight scenes, the figures are rendered with an acute eye to detail and a simplicity within the scene that is not found in the works of any other artist at the time. In examining various